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With call options, the investor who wants to buy enters into an agreement to get the stocks at an agreed-upon value — the strike price. However, the purchase must happen on or before a specified expiration date. The selling investor takes a risk by committing to deliver the stock by the expiration date. The buyer compensates the seller for that risk by paying a premium. A put option affords an investor the right to sell shares of stock at a strike price before the expiration date happens.
In that case, the other investor involved assumes the risk of having to buy that option at the strike price while keeping the expiration date in mind. Before committing to stock options, investors try to calculate their returns on those options.
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In other words, they gauge the anticipated profit or loss that happens after their investment. Participating in the stock market is all about maximizing rewards by keeping risk to a minimum. The team examined equity and index options for their study. Equity options are those described above that give people the right to buy or sell according to specified terms.
Liquidity suffers from a kind of catch If there is no liquidity, people don't trade in the security. If people don't trade in the security, there is not enough liquidity. It gives the market maker the ability to hedge their positions more easily. Whereas there are not futures for VTI and possibly the details of what exactly VTI contains may be difficult to obtain. It is more work and more risk for the market maker, who might find it easier and more profitable to trade something else. The market maker of SPY options is probably not concerned with expense ratios when he buys and sells SPY to hedge his option positions.
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View the basic VTI option chain and compare options of Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF on Yahoo Finance. Find the latest option chain data for Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI) at
Learn more. Asked 1 year, 11 months ago. Active 1 year, 10 months ago.
Viewed times. With the SPY, it would be no problem but wonder why.
Improve this question. If the stock market rises, you keep most of your market gains, losing only the put option premium.
If the stock market falls, you are limiting your downside risk to the difference between the put option strike price and the current stock price. There are several reasons why I am not a proponent of using put options as a hedge against a bear market. Stock options should theoretically have no inherent value — it is simply a contract between a buyer and a seller. It is a zero-sum game where every dollar made by one side of the transaction is a loss to the other side of the transaction.
However, options can have significant transaction costs bid-ask spread, commissions that are higher than those to buy and sell stocks, which would erode your returns. Stock options are valued using the Black-Scholes formula. The only variable that is unknown in that formula is the stock market volatility.
This makes stock options an implicit bet on future stock market volatility. When you buy a put option or a call option , you are indirectly making a bet that future volatility will be higher than what is implied by the current option price. It turns out that the implied volatility of stock option prices is higher for lower strike prices than at higher strike prices.
There are many possible explanations for this, but one possible explanation is that investors are willing to pay a premium for the insurance of protecting against downside risk using put options. This means that put options may be slightly overvalued. In fact, a popular early retirement blogger employs a put option selling strategy on the theory that put options are overvalued. I disagree with this option strategy , but it makes you wonder whether buying put options are a losing bet.
Purchasing put options decreases the volatility of your portfolio returns by limiting downside risk. However, in doing so, you also decrease your expected returns.