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In military strategy , a choke point or chokepoint is a geographical feature on land such as a valley , defile or bridge , or maritime passage through a critical waterway such as a strait , which an armed force is forced to pass through in order to reach its objective , sometimes on a substantially narrowed front and therefore greatly decreasing its combat effectiveness by making it harder to bring superior numbers to bear. A choke point can allow a numerically inferior defending force to use the terrain as a force multiplier to thwart or ambush a much larger opponent, as the attacker cannot advance any further without first securing passage through the choke point.
Some historical examples of the tactical use of choke points are King Leonidas I 's defense of the Pass of Thermopylae during an invasion led by Xerxes I of Persia ; the Battle of Stamford Bridge in which Harold Godwinson defeated Harald Hardrada ; William Wallace 's victory over the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge Wallace had around 2, men against the English army of about 9, to 12, men and the bridge collapsed during the battle ; and the Battle of Agincourt in which Henry V of England decisively defeated the French using a small army consisting mainly of lightly equipped longbowmen when the much larger force of French heavy cavalry were forced to charge at the Englishmen through a narrow muddy gap in the Azincourt Woods.
The many archipelagos of the Caribbean offered several maritime choke points that attracted pirates and buccaneers during the height of their activities the 17th and early 18th century. The Fulda Gap was seen as one of the potentially decisive bottleneck battlegrounds of the Cold War in Germany. From the 18th to the early 20th centuries, the sheer size of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy meant it had control over much of the world's oceans and seas. Choke points were of huge importance to the British Empire , which often used them to control trade in British colonies and, to a lesser extent, for defense.
Choke points have also been a source of tension, notably during the Suez Crisis.
The Royal Navy still deems its choke points as strategically vital. Indeed, the importance of choke points was first recognised by British Admiral John Fisher. The choke points still have significant strategic importance for the Royal Navy. The GIUK gap is particularly important to the Royal Navy, as any attempt by northern European forces to break into the open Atlantic would have to do so through the heavily defended English Channel, which is also the world's busiest shipping lane, or through one of the exits on either side of Iceland.
Considering British control over the strategic fortress of Gibraltar at the entrance to the Mediterranean, Spain northern coast , France Atlantic coast and Portugal are the only mainland European nations that have direct access to the Atlantic Ocean in a way that cannot be easily blocked at a choke point by the Royal Navy. The GIUK gap was also a strategically important part of the Cold War , as the Royal Navy were given the responsibility of keeping an eye on Soviet submarines trying to break into the open Atlantic.
In , The Suez Canal and the Sumed pipeline carry 4. In many instances, alternate routes are nonexistent or impractical. The Strait of Hormuz , connecting the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea , is one of the world's most strategically important maritime choke points. The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the largest security threats in the Strait of Hormuz and remain an essential factor in global energy security, due to the high volume of oil and natural gas passing through the narrow openings on a daily basis. From the perspective of security studies , Iran is an important player in the international oil economy.
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